Abstract

We examine how masculinity norms – the social expectations about how men should behave – predict economic, health, and political outcomes. We field the Global Masculinity Survey, measuring adherence to core masculinity norms among 125,000 individuals across 70 countries. Economically, men who adhere more strongly to these norms supply more labor, earn more, and sort into traditionally masculine occupations. In terms of health, they take greater risks and report poorer mental health. Politically, they express stronger support for strongman authoritarianism and military rule. Adherence to masculinity norms is stronger among men exposed to war or economic recession during their impressionable years.