Writing references
Purpose:The purpose of writing proper references is that the reader, without difficulty, should be able to retrieve the referred documents. If you refer to a part of a larger work, you have to refer it in a way that it enables the reader to locate the exact spot where the reference/quote is taken from.The source has to be referred both as a simple reference in the actual text and in a seperate literature list at the end of the thesis. There are several ways of setting up a list of references. In the following we are recomending a simple and straightforward version. |
See also: Search & Write |
References in the text:References written i the text should be a reference to the reference in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the thesis. In the reference in the text you write authors last name and year of publication in parenthesis. If the book is written by two authors you include the last names of the two authors. If there are more than two authors, write the last name of the first author followed by "et al.". |
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Examples:... the relative value/price of a substitute compared to an industry's product (Porter 1985) Porter (1985) points out that segment interrelationships... If you have two authors: (Hill and Jones 2001) More than two authors: (Horngren et al. 2000) Quotation: ..as Porter (1985) so adequately puts it "Competitors are both a blessing and a curse." |
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Literature list, Examples:In many literature lists you will find that titles are set in "quotation marks" or in cursive. In the following examples we have chosen to leave out any form of emphasize. |
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Book when the etire book is used:With one author:Porter, Michael E. (1985): Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance. Free press, New York With two authors:Brealey, Richard A. og Stewart C. Myers (2003): Principles of Corporate Finance. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston, Mass. With more than two authors:Copeland, Thomas E. et al.(2000): Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies. 3rd ed. Wiley, New York. With editors:Global cases in benchmarking: best practices from organizations around the world (1998). Editor: Robert C. Camp. ASQ Quality Press, Milwaukee, Wis. |
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Book when only one chapter of the book is used:Singh, Darshan: Benchmarking on-the-job training (1998). |
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Book/booklet as part of a series:Jenkins, Mark (1994): Discovering the implicit strategies of entrepreneurs. European institute for advanced studies i management,Brussels.(Working paper, 94-12) |
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Journal article:Klepacki, Laura et al.(2003): Beauty in motion. (In: Women's wear daily, vol. 186, no. 106, p. 16) |
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Internet sourcesThe rules for citing internet documents roughly follows the rules of the printed documents. |
See also: |
Main elements of internet citation:
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Homepage of an organization:Financial Accounting Standards Board, <http://www.fasb.org>(7 juli 2003) |
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Online discussion paper:Bjorvatn, Kjetil og Tina Søreide. 2003. Corruption and market reform. NHH Department of economics Discussion paper 06/03 May. Bergen: Norges handelshøyskole. <http://www.nhh.no/sam/res&publ/2003/06.pdf> (3. juli 2003) |
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Online newspaperPizza at 3 a.m. The observer online 17.12.03 <http://www.ndsmcobserver.com/>. (17. December 2003) |
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Database:Van Slyke, David M, The Mythology of Privatization in Contracting for Social Services. Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 27 nr. 5 (2003): 949. Business source premier, EBSCO Host (9. juli 2003) See also: Online: a reference guide to using internet sources |
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For the expert:
| Printed information sources
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Electronic information sources
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Printed information sources
APA Style:
The APA style is based on the 4th edition of the Publication Manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation.
Journal Article:
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647.
Book:
Strunk, M. W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style. (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Book Section:
Hartley, H. T., Harker, J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Chicago 14th B Style:
The Chicago 14th B style is based on the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.
Journal Article:
Paivio, A. 1975. Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition 3: 635-647.
Book:
Strunk, W., Jr., and E. B. White. 1979. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan.
Book Section:
Hartley, H. T., J. O. Harker, and D. A. Walsh. 1980. Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory. In Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues, edited by L. W. Poon. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Turabian Numbered List Style:
The Turabian Numbered List style is based on the 5th edition of "A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations" by K. L.Turabian. Based on the Chicago style, this format is primarily used for term papers, theses, and dissertations.
Journal Article:
A. Pavio, "Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye," Memory & Cognition 3 (1975): 635-647.
Book:
W. Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The elements of style, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1979).
Book Section:
H. T. Hartley, J. O. Harker, and D. A. Walsh, "Contemporary issues and new directions in adult development of learning and memory, " in Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues, ed. L. W. Poon (Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1980), 239-252.
Electronic information sources
MLA Style of Citation
Individual Works:
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author/editor. Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Place of publication: publisher, date. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier. File identifier or number. Access date.
Author/editor. Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Publication information (Place of publication: publisher, date), if given. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier.
Available Protocol (if applicable):Site/Path/File. Access date.
Examples:
Oxford English Dictionary Computer File: On Compact Disc. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.
Pritzker, Thomas J. An Early Fragment from Central Nepal. N.D. Online. Ingress Communications. Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html. 8 June 1995.
* This is a citation form when the print version is not included in the reference.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Parts of Works
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author/editor. "Part title." Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Place of publication: publisher, date. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier. File identifier or number. Access date.
Author/editor. "Part title." Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Publication information (Place of publication: publisher, date), if given. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier.
Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.
Examples:
"Bosnia and Hercegovina." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1995. Academic American Encyclopedia. Online. Dow Jones News Retrieval Service. ENCYC. 5 June 1995.
* This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.
* It is not necessary to give place of publication and publisher when citing well-known reference sources.
Daniel, Ralph Thomas. "The History of Western Music." Britannica Online: Macropaedia. 1995. Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html. 14 June 1995.
* It is not necessary to give place of publication and publisher when citing well-known reference sources.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Journal Articles
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. "Article Title." Journal Title. Volume.Issue (Year): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Information supplier. Database Name. File identifier or number. Accession number. Access date.
Author. "Article Title." Journal Title. Volume.Issue (Year): paging or indicator or length. Medium.
Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.
Examples:
Clark, Jeffrey K. "Complications in Academia: Sexual Harassment and the Law." Siecus Report. 21.6 (1993): 6-10.
CD-ROM. 1994 SIRS. SIRS 1993 School. Volume 4. Article 93A.
* Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.
Carriveau, Kenneth L., Jr. Rev. of Environmental Hazards: Marine Pollution, by Marth Gonnan. Environmental Green Journal 2.1 (1995): 3 pars. Online.
Available: gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html. 21 June 1995.
* This is a reference for a book review.
* For paging information, substitute number of paragraphs, i.e., "3 pars." for three paragraphs in this reference.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Inada, Kenneth. "A Buddhist Response to the Nature of Human Rights." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 2 (1995): 9 pars. Online.
Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html. 21 June 1995.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Magazine Articles
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. "Article Title." Magazine Title. Date: paging or indicator or length. Medium. Information supplier. Database Name. File identifier or number. Accession number. Access date.
Author. "Article Title." Magazine Title. Date: paging or indicator or length. Medium. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.
Examples:
Goodstein, Carol. "Healers from the Deep." American Health. Sept. 1991: 60-64. CD-ROM. 1994 SIRS. SIRS 1992 Life Science. Article 08A.
* Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.
Viviano, Frank. "The New Mafia Order." Mother Jones Magazine May-June 1995: 72 pars. Online. Available:
http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html. 17 July 1995.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Newspaper Articles
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. "Article Title." Newspaper Title. Date, Edition (if given): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Information supplier. Database Name. File identifier or number. Accession number. Access date.
Author. "Article Title." Newspaper Title. Date, Edition (if given): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.
Examples:
Howell, Vicki, and Bob Carlton. "Growing up Tough: New Generation Fights for Its Life: Inner-city Youths Live by Rule of Vengeance." Birmingham News. 29 Aug. 1993: 1A+. CD-ROM. 1994 SIRS. SIRS 1993 Youth. Volume 4. Article 56A.
* Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.
Johnson, Tim. "Indigenous People Are Now More Combative, Organized." Miami Herald 5 Dec. 1994: 29SA. Online.
Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related Articles/12/05/95--Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized. 16 July 1995. 17 July 1995.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Discussion List Messages
Basic forms:
Author. "Subject of Message." Date. Online posting. Discussion List. Available E-mail: DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address. Access date.
Author. "Subject of Message." Date. Online posting. Discussion List. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get. Access date.
Examples:
RRECOME. "Top Ten Rules of Film Criticism." 1 Apr. 1995. Online posting. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema.
Available E-mail: CINEMA-L@american.edu. 1 Apr. 1995.
* Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.
RRECOME. "Top Ten Rules of Film Criticism." 1 Apr. 1995. Online posting. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema.
Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get cinema-l log9504A. 1 Aug. 1995.
* Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.
Personal electronic communications (E-mail)
Basic forms:
Sender (Sender's E-mail address). "Subject of Message." E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address). Date of message.
Examples:
Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). "Review of film -- Bad Lieutenant." E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu). 30 July 1995.
APA Style of Citation
PLEASE NOTE: Follow recommended patterns given in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 4th edition, for indentation of items in a "Reference List."
Individual Works
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. (1992). Available: Oxford UP [1995, May 27].
Pritzker, T. J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online]. Available:
http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html [1995, June 8].
* Write "No date" when the electronic publication date is not available.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Parts of Works
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].
Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Bosnia and Hercegovina. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia [Online]. Available: Dow Jones News Retrieval Service/ENCYC [1995, June 5].
* This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.
Daniel, R. T. (1995). The history of Western music. In Britannica online: Macropaedia [Online]. Available:
http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [1995, June 14].
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Journal Articles
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Clark, J. K. (1993). Complications in academia: Sexual harassment and the law. Siecus Report [CD-ROM], 21(6), 6-10. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 School/Volume 4/Article 93A [1995, June 13].
Carriveau, K. L., Jr. (1995). [Review of the book Environmental hazards: Marine pollution]. Electronic Green Journal [Online], 2(1), 3 paragraphs. Available: gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html [1995, June 21].
* This is a reference for a book review; brackets indicate title is supplied.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Inada, K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics [Online], 2, 9 paragraphs. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Magazine Articles
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length.
Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Goodstein, C. (1991, September). Healers from the deep. American Health [CD-ROM], 60-64. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1992 Life Science/Article 08A [1995, June 13].
Viviano, F. (1995, May/June). The new Mafia order. Mother Jones Magazine [Online], 72 paragraphs. Available: http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [1995, July 17].
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Newspaper Articles
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Examples:
Howell, V., & Carlton, B. (1993, August 29). Growing up tough: New generation fights for its life: Inner-city youths live by rule of vengeance. Birmingham News [CD-ROM], p. 1A(10 pp.). Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 Youth/Volume 4/Article 56A [1995, July 16].
Johnson, T. (1994, December 5). Indigenous people are now more combative, organized. Miami Herald [Online], p. 29SA(22 paragraphs).Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related Articles/12/05/95—Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized [1995, July 16].
* This reference gives beginning page and the number of paragraphs; this information is useful if one wishes to refer to material in text references.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.
Discussion List Messages
Basic forms:
Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address [Access date].
Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date].
Examples:
RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: CINEMA-L@american.edu [1995, April 1].
* Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.
Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get cinema-l log9504A [1995, August 1].
* Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.
Personal Electronic Communications (E-mail)
Basic forms:
Sender (Sender's E-mail address). (Year, Month day). Subject of Message. E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address)
Examples:
Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). (1995, July 30). Review of film -- Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu).
Reference Citations in Text
The approach to documentation recommended by the American Psychological Association is called the author-date system. Citations in the text refer the reader to the "Reference List" at the end of the book, chapter, article or paper. Below are a few examples where the reader is guided to a specific paragraph in the electronic document.
Native peoples have little to lose by adopting these practices (Johnson, 1994, paragraph 10).
Viviano sees advantages in this line of defense (1995, paragraph 3).Buddhist organizations have taken a somewhat different approach ... (Inada, 1995, paragraph 2).
